CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVES: CELLS

1. Sketch a typical cell membrane, label the components, name a term that describes the permeability of this membrane, and describe the factors that determine whether a substance/ particle will pass through the cell membrane.

_____________________________________________________________

2. Distinguish between integral and peripheral membrane proteins and list the functions of each.

Intregral Proteins

Peripheral Proteins

3. Identify each of a "generalized" human cell's components on a diagram or model.

4. List a function(s) for each cellular component and/or organelle.

CELL COMPONENT	DESCRIPTION/ STRUCTURE	FUNCTION(S)
CELL MEMBRANE
CYTOPLASM
RIBOSOMES
ROUGH ER
SMOOTH ER
GOLGI
VESICLES
MITOCHONDRIA
LYSOSOMES
PEROXISOMES
CENTROSOMES
CILIA
FLAGELLA
MICROVILLI
CYTOSKELETON
OTHER STRUCTURES
NUCLEUS
NUCLEOLUS
CHROMATIN

5. Describe the structure of each cellular organelle. See above.

6. Name the cellular organelle that contains cisternae (______________________), and the one that contains cristae (________________________).

7. Explain what a vesicle is, and name the organelle that is always surrounded by them.

8. Describe the process of autolysis, and name the organelle that accomplishes this process.

9. Name the human organ that is rich in peroxisomes. __________________

10. Name the organelle where cellular respiration occurs. _____________________

11. Distinguish between microvilli, cilia, and flagella.

Microvilli

cilia

flagella

12. Name the human cell type(s) that possess a flagellum (_____________________) or cilia (_____________________).

13. Describe what a nuclear pore is and explain its function.

14. Distinguish between chromatin and chromosomes.

chromatin

chromosomes

15. Define the term nucleosome.

16. Distinguish between passive and active transport processes and make a quick list comparing the eight processes discussed in terms of energy requirement, direction of concentration gradient, give an example in humans, and if applicable, the significance of each.

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT SUMMARY TABLE (Keyed at the end of the outline)

TRANSPORT PROCESS	IS ENERGY REQUIRED?	[ ] Gradient	GENERAL DESCRIPTION	EXAMPLE IN HUMANS	SIGNIFICANCE
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
OSMOSIS
FILTRATION
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
ENDOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS
TRANSCYTOSIS

17. Define the terms diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration, and give an example of each. See above.

18. Describe how gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) enter and leave human cells.

___________________________

19. Distinguish between a hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solution and compare the consequences of a human cell being placed in each.

Osmosis is demonstrated nicely with red blood cells (rbc's) being placed in solutions of varying tonicity. See Fig 3.26, page 95.

o Three (3) conditions may exist:

1. Isotonic

2. Hypertonic

3. Hypotonic

20. Explain how blood passes through the capillaries of our kidneys.

________________________

21. Describe how glucose enters and leaves most human cells.

________________________ ______________________

22. Define the terms active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis. See above.

23. Distinguish between pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. See above.

24. Describe the typical fate of a vesicle brought into a human cell by phagocytosis.

25. Name the two major portions of the cell cycle, and designate which the cell spends the majority of its life in.

26. Name the three specific phases within interphase, and describe the events that occur within each.

27. Name the four specific phases within the mitotic phase of the cell cycle, describe the significant events that occur within each phase, and draw a typical sketch of each phase.

Mitotic Phase

Significant Events

28. Name the specific phase of the cell cycle when chromosomes are first apparent,

and the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disintegrate. _____________________

29. Draw a duplicated chromosome, illustrating two sister chromatids held together by a centromere.

30. Name the specific phase of the cell cycle that begins when the centromere holding the chromosome together splits. ____________________

31. Define the terms mitosis and cytokinesis.

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

32. Name three reasons why cells divide, and name three human cell populations that are unable to divide.

33. Describe several controls of cell division.

34. Explain how stem cells and progenitor cells make possible growth and repair of tissues.