SKELETAL SYSTEM OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES

0. List the organs and functions of the skeletal system.

Organs

Functions

1. Name the four classifications of bones by shape, give an example of each, and label each in the diagram below.

Bone Classification by shape

Example

2. Define the terms sesamoid bone and Wormian (sutural) bone, give an example of each, and label in the diagrams above.

Definition	Example
Sesamoid bone =
Wormian (sutural) bone =

3. Illustrate the major features of a long bone including the following: diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal line, periosteum, endosteum, medullary cavity, nutrient foramen (perforating canal), and note the locations of spongy bone, compact bone, yellow marrow, red marrow, and articular cartilage.

4. List the functions of the periosteum.

5. Compare and contrast the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix in terms of structure and function.

	Organic Bone Matrix	Inorganic Bone Matrix
Structure
Function

6. List the terms that are synonymous with inorganic bone matrix.

7. Discuss the different types of bone cells in terms of origin, location, and function.

	Origin	Location	Function
Osteoprogenitor Cell
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteoclast

8. Distinguish between compact bone and spongy bone in terms of structure and function, and label each in the diagram above.

	Compact Bone	Spongy Bone
Structure
Function

9. Discuss the Haversian (Osteon) System as the structural unit of compact bone using the following terms: osteocytes, lacunae, lamellae, Haversian canal, blood vessels, bone matrix, and canaliculi, and label each in the diagram below.

Osteocytes

Lacunae

Lamellae

Haversian canal

Bllod vessels

Bone matrix

Canaliculi

10. Explain how adjacent Haversian Systems communicate with one another (i.e. exchange nutrients gases and wastes), and label this “canal” above.

11. Discuss the significance of the spongy bone within a flat bone, and label it below.

12. Define the term hematopoiesis and name the major skeletal locations where it occurs.

Hematopoiesis

13. Name the important function that the trabeculae in spongy or cancellous bones allow for.

14. Define the term ossification.

Ossification

15. Distinguish between intramembranous and endochondral ossification and denote which parts of the skeleton are formed by each.

	intramembranous ossification	endochondral ossification
Description
Bones formed in this manner?

16. Discuss the structure of the epiphyseal plate, explain its significance, discuss its fate, and label each zone in the diagram below.

17. Compare and contrast appositional bone growth and longitudinal bone growth.

Type of Bone growth

Appositional bone growth

Longitudinal bone growth.

18. Explain why ossification is a lifelong event.

19. List the vitamins and minerals involved in bone remodeling and discuss the action (and any resulting deficiency) of each.

Vitamins

Minerals

20. List the major hormones involved in bone development and remodeling.

21. Compare and contrast the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in bone remodeling.

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts

22. Fully discuss the negative feedback mechanisms involved in blood calcium (Ca²⁺) homeostasis and explain how this is related to bone remodeling.

a. In a complete sentence or two, name the physiologic (homeostatic) blood calcium range, and the antagonistic endocrine glands, hormones, and bone cells primarily involved in its maintenance.

b. Reproduce the Calcium homeostasis negative feedback diagram illustrated in class.

c. In a complete sentence, explain how blood calcium homeostasis is related to bone remodeling

23. List and discuss at least 6 functions of bone tissue.

Bone Function

Description