BIO 137: CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES

1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology, and explain their relationship using an example of a human structure with its corresponding function.

A. ANATOMY = the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts.

B. PHYSIOLOGY = the study of the function of body parts.

C. Anatomy and Physiology are closely related. Every human structure is organized in a particular fashion, in order to perform a specific function.

2. List, in order from least to most complex, the levels of structural organization, discuss the relationship between the levels, and name an example at each level.

a.

1. Atom

2. Molecules

3. Macromolecules

4. organelles

5. Cells

6. Tissues

7. Organs

8. organ systems

9. human organism.

b. In a complete sentence, define each of these levels.

The atom is the least complex level. An atom is defined as the smallest particle of an element. Atoms combine with (react with) other atoms to form...

A molecule is defined as a particle composed of 2 or more joined atoms. Molecules combine with other molecules to form...

A macromolecule is defined as a large molecule. Macromolecules combine with other macromolecules to form...

An organelle is defined as a small organ of a cell, which performs a particular function. Organelles collectively compose ...

The cell is defined as the basic unit of structure and function of living organisms!

Each cell has a set of organelles and performs a particular function.

A tissue is defined as a group of similar cells that performs a specialized function.

An organ is defined as a structure consisting of a group of tissues that performs a specialized function

An organ system is defined as a group of organs that act together to carry on a specialized function. The eleven organ systems collectively form the...

J. An organism is the most complex level of organization and is defined as an individual living thing.

c Give an example of each these levels (no abbreviations).

1. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or Oxygen (O)]

2. carbon dioxide (CO₂), water (H₂0)

3. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

4. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes

5. red blood cell

6. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous

7. skin, heart, brain

8. integumentary system, cardiovascular system

9. human organism

3. Name and define the ten life processes that distinguish living from non-living things.

Movement

Responsiveness

Growth

Reproduction

Respiration

Digestion

Absorption

Circulation

Assimilation

Excretion

4. Specify the five environmental needs required for life.

1. nutrients for energy

2. oxygen for cellular respiration

3. water for most metabolic reactions, lubrication, etc.

4. heat to maintain 37^oC body temp, enzyme action

5. pressure for breathing and filtering blood through kidneys

5. Define the term homeostasis, and name the manner in which homeostatic mechanisms are regulated. Then provide an example of a homeostatic mechanism in humans, and explain it fully, by providing a diagram followed by a complete essay explanation.

a. In a complete sentence, define the term homeostasis, and name the manner in which homeostatic mechanisms are regulated.

Homeostasis is the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment (despite external changes) through negative feedback mechanisms.

b. Draw the illustration concerning regulation of body temperature that we outlined in class.

Sweat Glands (perspire);

Targets: Superficial blood vessels (dilate);

Heart (rate increases);

Diaphragm(breathing rate increases).

Hypothalamus Heat is released.

Stimulus: body temperature ¯ body temperature

Normal body Temperature

37^oC

body temperature Stimulus: ¯ body temperature

Heat is conserved or produced Hypothalamus

Targets:

Sweat glands (are inactivated);

Superficial blood vessels (constrict)

Skeletal muscles (contracts involuntarily, i.e. shivering occurs).

c. For each negative feedback mechanism, explain how heat is released, conserved, or produced.

9. List the 11 organ systems of the human organism, name the major organs within each, and give a general function for each system.

BASIC CLASSIFICATION	SYSTEM NAME	ORGANS IN SYSTEM	FUNCTION(S)
Body coverings	INTEGUMENTARY	Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands	protection, regulation of body temperature, synthesis of Vitamin D, etc.
Support and Movement	SKELETAL	Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilages	support, protection, movement, Ca^++ store, hematopoiesis
	MUSCULAR	Skeletal Muscles	movement, heat production
Integration and Coordination	NERVOUS	Brain, spinal cord, nerves	coordination of body parts; information processing
	ENDOCRINE	Endocrine Glands that secrete hormones	maintenance of homeostasis
Transport	CARDIOVASCULAR	Heart, blood vessels	Electrolyte maintenance, transport of nutrients, wastes, O2 and CO2
	LYMPHATIC	Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen	to fight infection
Absorption and Secretion	RESPIRATORY	oral cavity, nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes within lungs, alveoli	exchange of gases (O2 and CO2), maintenance of blood pH and electrolytes; voice production
	URINARY	kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra	removal of metabolic wastes from blood, maintenance of blood (i.e. pH, pressure, etc.), maintenance of electrolytes
	DIGESTIVE	Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder	breakdown of food into substances that can be absorbed (for energy)
Reproduction Male	REPRODUCTIVE	male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis, scrotum	production, maintenance and transport of gametes; production of sex hormones
Female		female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, labia, clitoris	Female: house developing embryo/fetus