CHAPTER 14: BLOOD OBJECTIVES

1. Describe blood according to its tissue type and major functions.

TISSUE TYPE?	MAJOR FUNCTIONS
connective	Transport Maintenance of body temperature

2. Define the term hematology. Study of blood.

3. Name the average volume of blood in a human. 5L

4. Name the two major components of blood and the percentage of each by weight.

MAJOR BLOOD COMPONENT	% BY WEIGHT
Solid cells	45%
Liquid plasma	55%

5. Give the common and scientific name for the three types of blood cells, and describe each in terms of their circulating concentration in a normal individual, overall function, and key characteristics.

Major Blood Cell Summary Table

Major Blood Cell Type	red blood cell	white blood cell	platelet
Scientific Name	erythrocyte	leukocyte	thrombocyte
Circulating Concentration/ mm^3 blood	4-6 million/ mm^3 blood	5-10,000/ mm^3 blood	130,000-360,000/ mm^3 blood
General Function	transportation of oxygen	fight infection/ control disease	blood clotting
Key Characteristic	see page 4	see page 5-6	are fragments of giant megakaryocyte

6. Explain why a mature erythrocyte lacks a nucleus.

It is expelled during the last maturation step to increase the cell’s surface area. It can consequently carry more hemoglobin, and in turn, more oxygen.

7. Explain why red blood cells have a relatively short life span.

Because they don’t have a nucleus they cannot reproduce. They get “beat up” traveling through the blood vessels over the 120 day lifespan.

8. Discuss where erythropoiesis occurs in adults and fetuses, and what other factors are needed for red cell production.

SITE OF ERYTHROPOIESIS	FACTORS NEEDED FOR RBC PRODUCTION
ADULT – red bone marrow = spongy bone in flat bones and epiphyses of long bones FETUS – yolk sac, liver, spleen	Vitamin B12 Folic acid Iron

9. Outline the negative feedback loop involving the hormone erythropoietin.

10. Explain why the solid portion of blood, formed elements, packed cell volume, or hematocrit are all composed of approximately 99% erythrocytes.

Because they are the most abundant blood cell.

11. Distinguish between granulocytes and agranulocytes, name the leukocytes in each category, list the specific function for each cell type, and identify each in the photos below.

GRANULOCYTES Have granules in their cytoplasm	INCLUDE: 1. neutrophils 2. eosinophils 3. basophils
AGRANULOCYTES Lack cytoplasmic granules	INCLUDE 1. lymphocytes 2. monocytes

White Blood Cell Summary Table)

Specific WBC	Function/ Event of Increase?	Differential %	Typical Sketch (refer to text)
neutrophil	general phagocytosis acute bacterial infections	54%-62%	A below
eosinophil	kills parasites involved in inflammation and allergic reactions	1%-3%	B below
basophil	Inflammatory reactions: releases heparin (natural anticoagulant) and histamine (inflammation)	less than 1%	C below
monocyte	phagocytosis of large particles typhoid, malaria, mononucleosis	3%-9%	E below
lymphocyte	produce antibodies/immunity viral infections, tissue rejection, tumors, TB, whooping cough	25%-33%	D below

12. Name the process by which a leukocyte leaves the blood stream and enters a tissue (Is this normal?).

Diapedesis

Yes

13. Name the primitive bone marrow cell from which all blood cells arise.

Hemocytoblast

14. List the components transported in blood plasma.

A. WATER:

1. 92 %.

2. Functions as solvent, in transport, temperature regulation, and serves as site of metabolic reactions.

B. Plasma Proteins: See Table 14.6, page 543.

1. 7% of plasma volume

2. all produced in the liver.

3. Three types:

a. albumin

o maintains osmotic pressure of cells (0.9%) and

o transports fatty acids

b. globulins ( α, β , γ )

o antibodies

c. fibrinogen

o blood clotting.

C. Plasma Gases:

1. oxygen (needed for cellular respiration),

2. carbon dioxide (produced by cell respiration),

3. nitrogen (use unknown).

D. Plasma Nutrients:

1. amino acids,

2. monosaccharides (i.e. glucose),

E. Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances (Plasma Wastes):

1. urea (amino acid metabolism),

2. uric acid (nucleotide metabolism),

3. creatinine (creatine metabolism),

4. creatine (CP to recycle ADP to ATP in muscle & brain),

5. bilirubin (hemoglobin metabolism).

F. Plasma Electrolytes:

1. includes sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate

2. Maintain osmotic pressure, Resting Membrane Potential, and pH.

G. Regulatory Substances:

1. enzymes,

2. hormones.

15. Outline and explain the three steps involved in hemostasis.

1. Blood vessel spasm (vessel walls constrict)

a. vasospasm

b. reduces blood flow

2. Platelet plug formation See Fig 14.17, page 545.

a. platelets become sticky and adhere to one another

b. platelets also release the hormone serotonin, which causes further vasoconstriction of the vessel

3. blood coagulation = formation of a blood clot

a. complex cascade of events (positive feedback mechanism)

b. requires calcium ions

16. Name the hormone that platelets within a platelet plug release that causes further vasoconstriction of a vessel.

Serotonin

17. Describe the final step in blood coagulation.

Fibrinogen to fibrin

18. Name the natural anticoagulant released by basophils and mast cells.

Heparin

19. Define the term agglutination.

Clumping of red blood cells

20. Discuss blood typing (A, B, AB, O) and transfusions in terms of the following:

a. the antigen present on a person's (recipient's) erythrocytes

b. the antibodies within the person's (recipient's) plasma

c. compatible donor types

d. incompatible donor types.

Summary of ABO Interactions

BLOOD TYPE	A	B	AB	O
Antigen on RBC	A	B	A and B	neither A or B
Antibodies in plasma	B	A	neither A or B	both A and B
Compatible donors	A, O	B, O	AB, A, B, O	O
Incompatible donors	B, AB	A, AB	NONE	A, B, AB
Genotype	I^AI^A OR I^Ai	I^BI^B, I^Bi	I^AI^B	ii
Phenotype	type A	type B	type AB	type O

21. Identify the blood type considered the universal donor and the blood type considered the universal recipient.

universal donor – O

universal recipient – AB

22. Discuss what is meant by Rh incompatibility and its consequences.

Rh negative mother is pregnant with first Rh positive fetus. Mother makes anti-Rh antibodies which do not cross placenta, but she is now sensitized to the Rh factor. Second pregnancy allows for IgG; Rh antibodies to cross the placenta and destroy the fetuses red blood cells. Ideally, Rhogam destroys these antibodies before they can do damage