CHAPTER 19:  RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

 

OBJECTIVES:

 

  1.  Name the organs and functions of the respiratory system.

Organs

Functions

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1.         Name the 5 parts of respiration (You will define these in later questions).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2.         Describe the significance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in human cells.

 

 

 

 

 

3.         Explain the structure and function of mucous membranes that line most of the respiratory tract.  Specifically name the tissue that lines the trachea. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4.         Locate the upper respiratory organs on the diagram below, describe their structure and any specific functions they may have (both respiratory and other functions, if applicable).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.         Name the four skull bones that contain sinuses and label them below.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6.         Name the three parts of the pharynx and label them in the diagram at top of page. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7.         Explain the significance of the epiglottis and glottis. Label the epiglottis above.

 

 

 

 

 

8.         Give the scientific name for the "Adam's Apple", and label it in the diagram below.

 

 

9.         Describe how and where sound originates and how it is then converted into recognizable speech.

 

 

 

 

 

10.       Locate the lower respiratory organs on the diagram below, and describe the structure and any specific functions each may have.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11.       Define the terms C-ring, trachealis muscle, and carina.  Label carina above.

 

 

 

 

 

12.       Name the type of cartilage that composes the trachea wall. _____________________

13.       Distinguish between a primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchus, and label in the diagram above.

 

 

 

 

 

14.       Explain what happens to the epithelial lining, cartilage and smooth muscle of the bronchi as they branch deep into the lungs to form terminal bronchioles.

 

 

 

 

 

 

15.       Explain the effects that histamine and epinephrine have on terminal bronchioles.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

16.       Discuss the structure and function of the pleural membranes.

 

 

 

 

17.       Distinguish between a lobe and lobule of the lung and label each on the diagram below.

 

 

 

 

18.       Discuss the microscopic anatomy of the lung, and label the tissue components below.

 

 

 

 

19.       Track a breath of air from the nose to an alveolus, noting what happens to the air as it meets each structure (16 steps)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

20.       Distinguish between Type I and Type II Alveolar cells, in terms of structure and function and label each in the diagram below.

 

 

 

 

21.       Define the term surfactant and describe its important function.

 

 

 

 

 

22.       Draw a typical sketch of the respiratory membrane.  Then in essay form, provide the scientific name of the process that occurs through this membrane, describe the structure of this membrane in terms of specific tissue components and thickness, and specifically explain what occurs through this membrane using actual numerical values.  Finally, explain the fate of the substances involved.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

23.       Define the term pulmonary ventilation, and describe its two actions in terms of forces, muscles, and membranes involved.

 

 

 

 

 

24.       Starting with the diaphragm muscle in its relaxed position, describe in order, the events that occur during inspiration.

 

 

 

 

 

 

25.       Explain how Boyle's Law relates to ventilation.

 

 

 

 

 

26.       Explain why the serous fluid between the pleural membranes has such high surface tension.

 

 

 

27.       Define the term atelectasis, explain what is usually lacking within the alveoli when it occurs, and name the disease of premature newborns when it occurs.

 

 

 

 

 

28.       Name the instrument used to measure lung volumes.

 

 

 

29.       List, define, give estimate values, and correlate the six different lung volume measurements shown in the graph below.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

30.       Define the term external respiration.

 

 

 

 

 

31.       State Dalton's Law and explain its significance in respiration.

 

 

 

 

 

32.       List the percentages of N2, O2, and CO2 in air.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

33.       Define what is meant by the partial pressure (pp) of a gas in a mixture and list the pp values of O2 and CO2 in air and in the lung capillaries.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

34.       Discuss the factors that influence the rate at which a gas diffuses.

 

 

 

 

 

35.       Define the term internal respiration.

 

 

 

 

 

36.       Discuss how oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

37.       Name the three factors that cause oxygen to be released from the hemoglobin of red blood cells.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

38.       Define the term hypoxia, and describe how it occurs during carbon monoxide poisoning.

 

 

 

 

 

39.       Write the chemical equation that involves carbon dioxide, water, carbonic acid, a hydrogen ion, and a bicarbonate ion, and explain its significance.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

40.       Locate the neural respiratory center on the diagram below.

 

41.       Distinguish between the rhythmicity area and pneumotaxic area of the neural respiratory center.

 

 

 

 

 

 

42.       Explain how respiration is affected by varying chemical (CO2 and O2) concentration in the blood.