KEY BIO 137 AXIAL/APPENDICAULAR OBJECTIVES                      

 

1.         Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in the figures below.

 

 

2.      Define the term suture and designate the major sutures on a diagram of the skull below. A suture is defined as an immovable joint between skull bones. Which suture is not visible in this photo?  Sagittal suture

      Designate these same sutures on the human skull or on the skull in your bone box.

 

3.         Name the eight bones that protect the brain (i.e. cranium) and identify each in the photo above. 

 

1-      Frontal

2-      Parietal

1-      Occipital

2-      Temporal

1-      Sphenoid

1-  Ethmoid

 

            Which cranial bone is not visible in the photo above? Ethmoid

 

4.         Identify the 4 skull bones that contain paranasal sinuses in the diagram below and give two possible functions for sinuses.  Reduce weight of skull and act as resonance chambers fro speech.

5.         In the diagrams below and on a skull in lab, locate of the following structures, name the bone that each is part of, and name the significance of each.

PROCESS/MARKING

BONE

FUNCTION

foramen magnum

Occipital

Spinal cord passage

sella turcica

Sphenoid

Houses pituitary

crista galli

Ethmoid

Meninges attachment

occipital condyles

Occipital

Articulation of skull with atlas

external auditory meatus

Temporal

Sound wave passage

mastoid process

Temporal

Muscle attachment

nasal conchae,

Ethmoid

Mucous membrane attachment

zygomatic process

Temporal

Muscle attachment

cribriform (horizontal) plate

Ethmoid

Attaches two masses of ethmoid

styloid process

Temporal

Muscle attachement

perpendicular plate

Ethmoid

Superior portion of nasal septum

 

 

6.         Identify the major bones that shape the face in the diagram below and on a skull in lab.

 

7.         Name the facial bone that contains the temporal process (a) and name the "arch" formed when this process articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone (b).

            a. zygomatic

            b. zygomatic arch

 

8.         Name and identify the seven bones that compose the orbit of the eye in the diagram below.

 

9.         Name and identify the two bones that compose the nasal septum in the diagram below and on a skull in lab .

10.       Identify the only skull bone which is not fused or locked in place in the diagram below and on skull in lab, and name the joint at which it moves.  temporomandibular joint..

11.       Describe the structure, location and function of the hyoid bone.  Flat, above larynx, support tongue.  Find the hyoid bone in your bone box..

12.       Identify the 5 major curvatures of the vertebral column in the diagram below and on the flexible spine in lab, and identify the number of vertebrae in each.

13.       Name the structure that acts as a "shock absorber" between individual vertebrae and find those structures in your bone box.  Intervertebral discs.  Name the type of cartilage that composes these structures. Fibrocartilage

 

14.       Identify the following structures on the diagram of a vertebra below and on a thoracic vertebra in lab:  body, spinous process, anterior, posterior, transverse processes, vertebral foramen, and vertebral arch.

15.       Identify the components of the thoracic cage in the diagram below and find these in your bone box.

16.       In the diagram above, distinguish between true, false, and floating ribs.

 

17.       In the diagram above, distinguish between the manubrium, body and xiphoid process of sternum.

 

18.       Name the bones that compose the pectoral (shoulder) girdle, and denote medial and lateral portions, glenoid cavity (fossa), coracoid process, acromion, spine, and body in the diagram below and on these bones in your bone box.

 

            Bones that compose the pectoral girdle include 2 scapulae and 2 clavicles.

19.       Identify the bones of the upper limbs in the diagram below and denote them on a skeleton.

 

20.       Distinguish between the capitulum and trochlea in the diagram below and identify them on the humerus in your bone box.

21.       On the humerus above, also denote the location of the proximal head, (distal capitulum and trochlea), greater and lesser tubercles, deltoid tuberosity, body, lateral and medial epicondyles, and olecranon fossa.

 

22.       Identify the radius and ulna in the diagram below and find them in your bone box.  Note the relative positions of the radius and ulna (i.e. thumb side vs. pinky side).

23.       In the radius above and the radius from your bone box, denote the location of the head, neck, radial tuberosity, ulnar notch, and styloid process.

 

24.       In the ulna above and the ulna from your bone box, denote the location of the olecranon process, trochlear notch, coronoid process, head, and styloid process. Name the significance of the olecranon (process). Prominence of elbow

 

25.       Identify the bones that make up the wrist, palm, and fingers in the diagram below and from your bone box.  Name the scientific name and number for each.  Wrist = 8 carpals; palm 5 metacarpals; fingers = 14 phalanges.

 

26.       Identify the bones that compose the pelvic girdle in the diagram below and from your bone box.  Identify the following features on each:  ilium, ischium, pubis, iliac crest, acetabulum, obturator foramen, and ischial spine.

27.       Explain how the bones named above articulate anteriorly and posteriorly.  They articulate anteriorly through the symphysis pubis and posteriorly through the sacrum.

 

28.       Name the tissue that composes the anterior articulation of the coxal bones.  fibrocartilage

 

29.       Distinguish between a male and female pelvis in the diagram below and between the two pelves in lab.

30.       Name the longest, strongest, and largest bone in the body.  Femur  Find this bone in your bone box.

 

31.       In the femur diagram below and on the femur you found above, denote the location of the head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, linea aspera, lateral and medial condyles, epicondyles, and patellar surface.

 

32.       What is the significance of the trochanters? Muscle attachment

 

33.       Identify the patella in the diagram below and find it in your bone box.  Why is the patella unique? It’s a sesamoid bone that developed within a tendon.

 

34.       Identify the bones of the lower leg in the diagram below and find them in your bone box.

 

35.       Denote the location of the lateral and medial malleolus in the figure above and on the tibia and fibula in your bone box.

 

36.       Identify the bones that make up the ankle, foot, and toes in the diagram below and from your bone box.  Name the scientific name and number for each.  Ankle = 7 tarsals; foot = 5 metatarsals; toes = 14 phalanges.

 

37.       Distinguish between the talus and calcaneus in the diagrams above and on the foot in your bone box.